Ruf and Winkler using a pinhole camera technique located the major source at the rim of the upper nozzle and also found the directional effects of the back-streaming intensity. Perhaps the clearest understanding of back-streaming has been obtained from the experiments of Ruf and Winkler, Power and Crawley, and Kobayashi and Otake. This is one of the most annoying and most misunderstood problems associated with diffusion pumps. The migration of the motive fluid vapor into the vacuum system from the inlet of the pump is called back-streaming. Nagamitsu Yoshimura, in A Review: Ultrahigh-Vacuum Technology for Electron Microscopes, 2020 6 Back-streaming
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